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The Need for investment in Urban infrastructure: • World Bank in its recent report ‘Financing India’s Urban Infrastructure Needs: Constraints to Commercial Financing and Prospects for Policy Action’ has commented on the need for investment in infrastructure. • According to the World Bank, India would need to invest $840 billion over the next 15 years, that is, an average of $55 billion each year, to meet the demands of its fast-growing urban population. Source of these funds: • Financing on a repayable basis can be done either through debt, private lending or public-private partnership investments. • This requires a recurrent source of revenue to meet obligations, thus, mandating raising adequate resources. How funding is done currently: • Most of the funding for infrastructure development currently comes from the government through various schemes to meet certain objectives sub-nationally. • Of the finances needed to fund capital expenditures for Indian cities, 48% is derived from Sta...

Part 1 From Ancient times Civilisations have been found on the banks of rivers. The Egyptian Civilisation on the banks of River Nile. The Indus Valley Civilisation on the banks of Indus and its Tributaries. Mesopotamian Civilisation on the banks of Euphrates and Tigris. The Chinese Civilisation on the banks of Huang He or the Yellow River. Let us therefore take a moment to go through the major Rivers around the world. In Asia Asia is the largest and most populous Continent and is also home to 3 of the world’s Ancient Civilisation. Brahmaputra: The Brahmaputra is also known as the Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet, the Siang/Dihang River in Arunachal Pradesh and Jamuna in Bangladesh. It originates in the Manasarovar Lake region, near Mount Kailash and flows through Tibet, India, and Bangladesh into the Bay of Bengal. Brahmaputra along with Ganga makes the largest delta in the world known as Ganga-Brahmaputra delta. Euphrates: The Euphrates is the longest and one of the most historically impo...

#GS-03 Environment, Science and Technology For Prelims: What is Carbon Neutrality: Carbon neutrality is a state of net-zero carbon dioxide emissions. This however does not mean that a country does not emit carbon dioxide, it just means that the amount of CO2 emitted by the nation is also absorbed by various carbon sinks in the country. Countries and their Carbon Neutrality Targets: Bhutan and Suriname are the only two countries that have achieved carbon neutrality and are actually carbon negative (removing more carbon than they emit). Under the European Green Deal of the European Commission, Europe is expected to be carbon neutral by 2050. USA has also declared their aim to make the country carbon neutral by the year 2050. In September 2020, China announced that it would aim to reach a peak in its carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. India has undertaken a pledge saying that it will transition to net zero emissions by 2070. Types of Hydro...

Part 1 As the Russia Ukraine conflict intensifies and world again gets divided again into groups, let us take a moment to go through the history and have a look at a time when the World teetered on the brink of collapse. What is the Cold War? Cold War, the open yet restricted rivalry that developed after World War II between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies. The war was deemed cold because the two superpowers were never directly at war with each other but they each supported major regional conflicts through proxy wars. While there is differing opinions on the beginning of the conflict, it is generally believed to have begun from the announcement of the Truman Doctrine on 12 March 1947 and ended by the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991. The Cause of the Conflict: Ideological: The major cause of the conflict was ideological as the USA represented capitalism with its free market and USSR represented communism and a state-controlled econ...